@article {4079, title = {Zum Ged{\"a}chtnis von Adolf Engler - In Remembrance of Adolf Engler}, year = {1931}, keywords = {English translation}, author = {Diels, L. and Mayo, S.J.} } @article {4078, title = {List of some Araceous (and supposedly Araceous) fossils}, year = {2020}, keywords = {fossil list, genera, holotypes, species}, author = {Hoffman, G.L.} } @article {4074, title = {Josef Bogner{\textquoteright}s publications}, year = {2020}, author = {Renner, S.S. and Mayo, S.J. and Jacobsen, N.} } @article {4073, title = {Josef Bogner (1939-2020)}, journal = {Taxon}, volume = {69}, year = {2020}, pages = {643-646}, chapter = {643}, doi = { https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12273}, author = {Renner, S.S. and Mayo, S.J.} } @article {4072, title = {Dr h.c. Josef Bogner 20.01.1939 - 23.04.2020}, year = {2020}, author = {Kasselmann, C.} } @article {4071, title = {In memoriam: Dr h.c. Josef Bogner}, year = {2020}, author = {Kasselmann, C.} } @inbook {4069, title = {The first evolutionary classification of the Araceae: A. Engler{\textquoteright}s Natural System}, booktitle = {Early events in Monocot evolution}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press, The Systematics Association}, organization = {Cambridge University Press, The Systematics Association}, chapter = {10}, address = {Cambridge, UK}, abstract = {

The development of A. Engler\’s classification of the Araceae is described, focussing on the earliest versions published in the 1870s, the fruits of his innovative morphological and anatomical studies of the family during the time he worked in Munich. This shows that Engler was especially concerned with providing a new classification of the Araceae that, in contrast to that of Heinrich Schott, was explicitly founded on hypothetical evolutionary connections between the major taxa. Particular attention is given to Engler\’s 1884 paper in which a detailed theoretical justification of his system is given and it is evident that by this time Engler\’s interpretations of Araceae phylogeny had been influenced by C.W. N\ägeli\’s Vervollkommnungstheorie. The continuing significance of Engler\’s work on aroids is highlighted.

}, keywords = {19th century, A. Engler, Araceae, C.W. N{\"a}geli, classification, evolutionary concepts, Vervollkommnungstheorie}, author = {Mayo, S.J. and Bogner, J.} } @inbook {4068, title = {Recent progress in the phylogenetics and classification of Araceae}, year = {2013}, abstract = {

The aim of this paper is to review progress in phylogenetic research of Araceae during the period since publication of the first major molecular study by French et al. (1995).

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/CB09781139002950.010}, author = {Mayo, S.J. and Bogner, J. and Cusimano, N.} } @article {4067, title = {From open areas to forests? The evolutionary history of Philodendron subgenus Meconostigma (Araceae) using morphological data}, year = {2014}, abstract = {

Due to its wide distribution covering three of the largest Neotropical biomes, Philodendron subgenus Meconostigma is an interesting model to discuss the diversification of Neotropical plants. The aim of this study was to test a previous hypothesis that the Eastern and Southern species of P. subg. Meconostigma have plesiomorphic gynoecial structure while in Amazonian species they are apomorphic. To this end, we conducted an analysis of maximum parsimony with generalized frequency coding method using a matrix with 59 morphological characters and 90\% of the species of P. subg. Meconostigma. The phylogenetic reconstruction suggests that the subgenus is monophyletic and originates from open areas of Cerrado. Four morphological synapomorphies support the monophyly of the subgenus and seven synapomorphies support four minor clades within it. Our results also include characterization of three new gynoecial subtypes (A1, A2 and A3) within the subgenus. Subtype A2 (undeveloped stylar body with long stylar canals, absent central stylar dome, shallow compitum) is basal and represents the ancestral gynoecium in the group. These findings suggest that the balance between pollen uptake and accessibility of the locules were decisive to drive gynoecium evolution in the subgenus Meconostigma.

}, keywords = {Character analysis, Floral evolution, Gynoecium, Neotropics, phylogeny}, author = {Calazans, L.S.B. and Sakuragui, C.M. and Mayo, S.J.} } @article {4066, title = {History and infrageneric nomenclature of Philodendron (Araceae)}, year = {1990}, abstract = {

An historical review of the systematics of Philodendron Schott is presented, from the earliest known records to modern studies; the classifications of Schott and Engler are discussed in detail. A nomenclatural revision of infrageneric taxon names is given, with synonymy and lectotypification.

}, author = {Mayo, S.J.} } @article {4063, title = {Phylogeny of Asian Homalomena (Araceae) based on the ITS Region Combined with Morphological and Chemical Data}, year = {2013}, abstract = {

Abstract\—A phylogenetic analysis of the genus Homalomena (Araceae: Homalomeneae) based on the nITS region is presented. Eighty-nine taxa are included; representing all Asian supergroups, several Neotropical species currently assigned to Homalomena, and selected species of Philodendron. Asian Homalomena is well supported as monophyletic and excludes Neotropical Homalomena. The Cyrtocladon supergroup is monophyletic after transferring the Insignis complex and Havilandii complex into the Punctulata supergroup. The Homalomena and Chamaecladon supergroups are well supported. A reduced phylogeny of 20 accessions representing 15 taxa was used for subsequent morphological and chemical marker optimization. A constricted spathe and four stamens per staminate flower are plesiomorphic for Homalomena. Staminodes among the pistillate zone are lost three times independently in Homalomena supergroup, Punctulata supergroup, and H. vivens. Chemical markers identified from liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy profiling provided an independent set of markers that further support the separation of Neotropical species of Homalomena from the Asian taxon. Three chemical markers at Rt 2.55 min, 2.69 min, and 2.90 min are shared among the majority of taxa sampled for Asian Homalomena, and Neotropical species currently assigned to Homalomena show two unique peaks at Rt 3.25 min and 3.54 min. Five chemical markers support the Cyrtocladon supergroup with the exception of Homalomena vivens. A chemical marker at Rt 3.60 min is plesiomorphic for the Chamaecladon, Homalomena and Punctulata supergroups. A chemical marker at Rt 2.80 min is apomorphic for the Chamaecladon supergroup, with a separate gain in H. punctulata. This study supports removal of the Neotropical species from Homalomena, redefines the morphological boundaries of Homalomena sensu stricto (i.e. the Asian species), and supports and refines the grouping of Asian species into supergroups.

}, keywords = {Borneo, character mapping, systematics, taxonomy}, doi = {DOI 10.1600/036364413X670430}, author = {Wong, S.Y. and Tan, P.J. and Ng, K.K. and Othman, A.S. and Lee, H.B. and Fasihuddin, B.A. and Boyce, P.C.} } @article {4062, title = {Molecular phylogeny of tribe Schismatoglottideae (Araceae) based on two plastid markers and recognition of a new tribe, Philonotieae, from the neotropics}, year = {2010}, abstract = {

Abstract Tribe Schismatoglottideae comprises one large genus, Schismatoglottis, and six small \‘satellite\’ genera. A combined molecular phylogenetic analysis of matK, the 3\′ portion of the trnK intron, and trnL-F sequence data was carried out on 77 taxa representing all genera in the tribe, all informal groups in Schismatoglottis, together with sister tribe Cryptocoryneae, and outgroups from Araceae. Analyses of combined datasets with parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods revealed tribe Schismatoglottideae to be a polyphyletic assemblage. Neotropical Schismatoglottis is shown to be sister to the palaeotropical Schismatoglottideae + Cryptocoryneae. Schismatoglottis acuminatissima is a sister clade to the rest of the Schismatoglottideae. Palaeotropical Schismatoglottis is unsupported as a monophyletic genus. A new neotropical tribe of Araceae, Philonotieae S.Y.\ Wong \& P.C. Boyce, sister to Cryptocoryneae + palaeotropical Schismatoglottideae, is proposed.

}, keywords = {Araceae, molecular systematics, Philonotieae, Schismatoglottideae, taxonomy}, author = {Wong, S.Y. and Boyce, P.C. and Othman, A.S. and Pin, L.C.} } @article {4061, title = {Resurrection and New Species of the Neotropical Genus Adelonema (Araceae: Philodendron Clade)}, year = {2016}, abstract = {

Abstract\—Previous studies have shown Homalomena as traditionally defined to be polyphyletic, with Neotropical species phylogenetically distinct from Asian species. This study of 29 accessions of 10 Neotropical taxa, and a total of 135 accessions representing 92 taxa of Homalomena, Furtadoa, and Philodendron for nuclear ITS and plastid matK regions, supports resurrection of the genus Adelonema for Neotropical species currently assigned to Homalomena. Adelonema is here delimited as a Neotropical genus of 16 species divided into two new sections: sect. Adelonema and sect. Curmeria, based on morphologically supported molecular results. The genus Adelonema is distinguished by a hypogeal rhizome, crushed vegetative tissues smelling of anise, an extensively sheathing, sometimes prickly petiole, chartaceous often variegated leaf blades, a spadix either obliquely inserted on the spathe/peduncle (sect. Adelonema), or stipitate (sect. Curmeria), ovaries with 2\–4-pluriovulate locules, and anatropous ovules on an axile placenta. Four new species are described: Adelonema orientalis, A. palidinervia, A. panamensis, and A. yanamonoensis. Eleven new combinations are made: Adelonema allenii, A. crinipes, A. hammelii, A. kvistii, A. moffleriana, A. peltata, A. picturata, A. roezlii, A. speariae, A. wallisii, and A. wendlandii.

}, keywords = {Curmeria, Homalomena, ITS, matK, new combinations, taxonomy}, doi = {DOI 10.1600/036364416X690732}, author = {Wong, S.Y. and Meerow, A.W. and Croat, T.B.} } @article {96, title = {New species and changing concepts of Philodendron subgenus Meconostigma (Araceae).}, journal = {Aroideana}, volume = {25}, year = {2002}, author = {Gon{\c c}alves, E.G. and Salviani, E.R.} } @article {254, title = {A revision of Philodendron subgenus Meconostigma (Araceae)}, journal = {Kew Bulletin}, volume = {46 (4)}, year = {1991}, abstract = {

Philodendron subgenus Meconostigma is defined and described taxonomically and a revision of the 15 recognized species is presented; two new species, P. dardanianum and P. uliginosum, are described. P. selloum is reduced to the synonymy of P. bipinnatifidum. Keys to the three subgenera of Philodendron and to the species of subgen. Meconostigma are presented. Brief reviews are given of vegetative and inflorescence morphology and anatomy, floral biology, geography, ecology and the fossil record.

}, author = {Mayo, S.J.} } @article {4060, title = {New insights on the phylogenetic relationships among the traditional Philodendron subgenera and the other groups of the Homalomena clade (Araceae)}, year = {2018}, abstract = {

Philodendron (Araceae) is one of the largest Neotropical plant genera, with approximately 500 species and at least 1000 species predicted. There is a considerable ecological diversity in the group, although most species occur in the humid forests of tropical America. Despite being relatively well-studied in taxonomic analyses, the relationships among the traditional morphological groups of the genus are not well-established, mainly regarding the three traditional subgenera, referred here as Philodendron sensu lato (s.l.), P. subg. Pteromischum, P. subg. Philodendron and P. subg. Meconostigma, which was recently recognized as a separate genus, Thaumatophyllum. Therefore, the present work evaluates the phylogenetic position and the monophyly of Philodendron s.l. and its three main subdivisions, and the sister groups within the Homalomena clade, which also includes the Neotropical genus Adelonema, the two Asian genera Homalomena and Furtadoa, and the two African genera Cercestis and Culcasia, by means of molecular phylogenetic approaches including chloroplast DNA (atpFatpH, rpl32-trnL, trnQ-5\′-rps16 and trnV-ndhC) and nuclear (ITS2) markers. The monophyly of Philodendron s.l. and its three lineages is confirmed and our analyses corroborate previous morphologic data indicating Thaumatophyllum as sister to the clade formed by P. subg. Pteromischum and P. subg. Philodendron.

}, keywords = {Adelonema, Aroideae, Homalomena clade, Meconostigma, Pteromischum, Thaumatophyllum}, doi = {doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.05.017}, author = {Vasconcelos, S. and Soares, M.L.C. and Sakuragui, C.M. and Croat, T.B. and Oliveira, G. and Benko-Iseppon, A.M.} } @article {4059, title = {Recognition of the genus Thaumatophyllum Schott - formerly Philodendron subg. Meconostigma (Araceae) - based on molecular and morphological evidence}, year = {2018}, abstract = {

Philodendron subgenus Meconostigma has been a well-circumscribed group since 1829. Members of this group are easily distinguished by diagnostic morphological characters as well as by a distinct ecology and geographical distribution. Based on molecular, morphological and cytological evidence, we propose the recognition of P. subg. Meconostigma as a distinct genus, Thaumatophyllum Schott. We also present the necessary new combinations, an emended key and some nomenclatural and taxonomic corrections regarding 21 names of Thaumatophyllum.

}, keywords = {chromosomes, molecular phylogeny, morphology, nomenclature, Philodendron, Thaumatophyllum}, doi = {doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.98.25044 }, author = {Sakuragui, C.M. and Calazans, L.S.B. and Loss-Oliveira, L. and Morais, E.B. and Benko-Iseppon, A.M. and Vasconcelos, S. and Schrago, C.G. and Mayo, S.J.} } @article {4058, title = {Evolution of Philodendron (Araceae) species in Neotropical biomes}, year = {2016}, abstract = {

Philodendron is the second most diverse genus of the Araceae, a tropical monocot family with significant morphological diversity along its wide geographic distribution in the Neotropics. Although evolutionary studies of Philodendron were conducted in recent years, the phylogenetic relationship among its species remains unclear. Additionally, analyses conducted to date suggested the inclusion of all American representatives of a closely-related genus, Homalomena, within the Philodendron clade. A thorough evaluation of the phylogeny and timescale of these lineages is thus necessary to elucidate the tempo and mode of evolution of this large Neotropical genus and to unveil the biogeographic history of Philodendron evolution along the Amazonian and Atlantic rainforests as well as open dry forests of South America. To this end, we have estimated the molecular phylogeny for 68 Philodendron species, which consists of the largest sampling assembled to date aiming the study of the evolutionary affinities. We have also performed ancestral reconstruction of species distribution along biomes. Finally, we contrasted these results with the inferred timescale of Philodendron and Homalomena lineage diversification. Our estimates indicate that American Homalomena is the sister clade to Philodendron. The early diversification of Philodendron took place in the Amazon forest from Early to Middle Miocene, followed by colonization of the Atlantic forest and the savanna-like landscapes, respectively .Based on the age of the last common ancestor of Philodendron, the species of this genus diversified by rapid radiations, leading to its wide extant distribution in the Neotropical region.

}, keywords = {Amazon, Andes, Biogeography, Dispersal, South America, Supertree}, doi = {DOI 10.7717/peerj.1744}, author = {Loss-Oliveira, L. and Sakuragui, C.M. and Soares, M.L.C. and Schrago, C.G.} } @article {4057, title = {Floral Evolution of Philodendron Subgenus Meconostigma (Araceae)}, year = {2014}, abstract = {

Abstract
Elucidating the evolutionary patterns of flower and inflorescence structure is pivotal to understanding the phylogenetic relationships of Angiosperms as a whole. The inflorescence morphology and anatomy of Philodendron subgenus Meconostigma, belonging to the monocot family Araceae, has been widely studied but the evolutionary relationships of subgenus Meconostigma and the evolution of its flower characters have hitherto remained unclear. This study examines gynoecium evolution in subgenus Meconostigma in the context of an estimated molecular phylogeny for all extant species of subgenus Meconostigma and analysis of ancestral character reconstructions of some gynoecial structures. The phylogenetic reconstructions of all extant Meconostigma species were conducted under a maximum likelihood approach based on the sequences of two chloroplast (trnk and matK) and two nuclear (ETS and 18S) markers. This topology was used to reconstruct the ancestral states of seven floral characters and to elucidate their evolutionary pattern in the Meconostigma lineage. Our phylogeny shows that Meconostigma is composed of two major clades, one comprising two Amazonian species and the other all the species from the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes with one Amazonian species. The common ancestor of the species of subgenus Meconostigma probably possessed short stylar lobes, long stylar canals, a stylar body, a vascular plexus in the gynoecium and druses in the stylar parenchyma but it is uncertain whether raphide inclusions were present in the parenchyma. The ancestral lineage also probably possessed up to 10 ovary locules. The evolution of these characters seems to have occurred independently in some lineages. We propose that the morphological and anatomical diversity observed in the gynoecial structures of subgenus Meconostigma is the result of an ongoing process of fusion of floral structures leading to a reduction of energy wastage and increase in stigmatic surface.

}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0089701}, author = {Loss-Oliveira, L. and Calazans, L.S.B. and Morais, E.B. and Mayo, S.J. and Schrago, C.G. and Sakuragui, C.M.} } @article {4055, title = {A new species of Philodendron (Araceae) from an enclave of Atlantic rainforest in Minas Gerais State, Brazil}, year = {2020}, abstract = {

During a field expedition in the Reserva Biol\ógica da Mata Escura, an enclave of Atlantic Rainforest in Minas Gerais State, Southeastern Brazil, a remarkable new species of Philodendron was found. Here the new species is described, illustrated and compared to morphologically close species.

}, keywords = {aroids, conservation, Jequitinhonha, taxonomy}, author = {Calazans, L.S.B.} } @article {4054, title = {Araceae do Parque Nacional do Capara{\'o}, MG-ES, Brasil}, journal = {Rodrigu{\'e}sia}, volume = {71}, year = {2020}, pages = {1-23}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Araceae is among the families with the highest species richness for the Atlantic Forest biome and is characterized by the presence of spadix and associated to a bract, the spathe. This work aims to inventory the species of Araceae of the Capara\ó National Park, with key identification, descriptions and diagnostic illustrations of the species. For that, we carried out collection expeditions in the months of January, April and November of 2017, in different trails, altitudes and vegetation formations of ParNa. The collected material was deposited in the RB herbaria and the duplicates sent to the UNOP herbaria. These were analyzed in addition to samples available on sites of speciesLink, Jabot and Herbal Virtual-Reflora. We found twenty one native species to the Atlantic Forest, distributed in four genera, the most representative being Anthurium and Philodendron with nine species each. In addition, two new records for Brazilian states (Xanthosoma maximilianii for Esp\írito Santo and Philodendron acutatum for Minas Gerais), an endemic species of this Conservation unit (A. mourae) and three new species for science, were evidenced. These results reinforce the importance of floristic studies and the conservation of ParNa Capara\ó.

}, keywords = {conservation unit, dense ombrophilous forest, inventory of flora, semideciduous seasonal forest}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860202071065}, author = {Camelo, M.C. and Coelho, M.A.N. and Leoni, L.S. and Temponi, L.G>} } @article {4051, title = {Molecular phylogeny of the genus Philodendron (Araceae): delimitation and infrageneric classification }, year = {2008}, abstract = {

The genus Philodendron (Araceae) is a large neotropical group whose classification remains unclear. Previous classifications are based on morphological characters, mainly from the inflorescence, flower and leaf shape. The classification by Krause, with few modifications, is still the most commonly used system. To examine phylogenetic relationships in the genus, two ribosomal DNA nuclear markers, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and external transcribed spacer (ETS), and the chloroplast intron rpl16, were sequenced and analysed for more than 80 species of Philodendron and its close relative Homalomena. According to the resulting phylogeny, the genus Homalomena may be paraphyletic to the genus Philodendron. The inclusion of the American Homalomena species within the genus Philodendron might resolve this taxonomic problem. All three subgenera of Philodendron were revealed as monophyletic. Below the subgeneric level, the groups obtained in our phylogeny globally correspond to sections recognized in previous classifications. Among the morphological characters used by previous taxonomists to build their classifications, and which we optimized onto one of the most parsimonious trees, most characters were found to be homoplasious. However, leaf shape, characteristics of the sterile zone on the spadix and venation patterns are useful for delimiting subgenera and sections within the genus.

}, keywords = {external transcribed spacer (ETS), Homalomena, internal transcribed spacer (ITS), morphology, rpl16 intron}, author = {Gauthier, M.-P.L. and Barab{\'e}, D. and Bruneau, A.} } @article {4050, title = {Phylogeny and diversification history of the large Neotropical genus Philodendron (Araceae): Accelerated speciation in a lineage dominated by epiphytes }, year = {2018}, abstract = {

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Philodendron is a large genus of ~560 species and among the most conspicuous epiphytic components of Neotropical forests, yet its phylogenetic relationships, timing of divergence, and diversification history have remained unclear. We present a comprehensive phylogenetic study for Philodendron and investigate its diversification, including divergence-time estimates and diversification rate shift analyses.
METHODS: We performed the largest phylogenetic reconstruction for Philodendron to date, including 125 taxa with a combined dataset of three plastid regions (petD, rpl16, and trnK/ matK). We estimated divergence times using Bayesian evolutionary analysis sampling trees and inferred shifts in diversification rates using Bayesian analysis of macroevolutionary mixtures.
KEY RESULTS: We found that Philodendron, its three subgenera, and the closely related genus Adelonema are monophyletic. Within Philodendron subgenus Philodendron, 12 statistically well-supported clades are recognized. The genus Philodendron originated ~25 mya and a diversification rate upshift was detected at the origin of subgenus Philodendron ~12 mya.
CONCLUSIONS: Philodendron is a species-rich Neotropical lineage that diverged from Adelonema during the late Oligocene. Within Philodendron, the three subgenera currently accepted are recovered in two lineages: one contains the subgenera Meconostigma and Pteromischum and the other contains subgenus Philodendron. The lineage containing subgenera Meconostigma and Pteromischum underwent a consistent diversification rate. By contrast, a diversification rate upshift occurred within subgenus Philodendron ~12 mya. This diversification rate upshift is associated with the species radiation of the most speciose subgenus within Philodendron. The sections accepted within subgenus Philodendron are not congruent with the clades recovered. Instead, the clades are geographically defined.

}, keywords = {Araceae, divergence-time estimates, diversification rate shifts, museum and cradle models, Neotropics, Philodendron}, doi = {doi:10.1002/ajb2.1111}, author = {Canal, D. and K{\"o}ster, N. and Jones, K.E. and Korotkova, N. and Croat, T.B. and Borsch, T.} } @article {4049, title = {Anatomy of the adventitious roots of Philodendron (Araceae) and its importance for the systematics of the genus}, year = {2020}, abstract = {

Abstract. The genus Philodendron Schott comprises the following three currently accepted subgenenera: P. subg. Philodendron, P. subg. Pteromischum and P. subg. Meconostigma; however, these lack a well-defined classification. In the present study, we examined anatomically samples of adventitious roots in species of the group, so as to establish aspects relevant for taxonomic purposes. The anatomical analyses emphasised the characteristics of the steles in cross-sections of the root samples from regions near the apex to the most mature zones. A species of a closely related genus Adelonema, namely A. crinipes, was included in the study to clarify the results. Our results indicated notable differences in the species of the subgenus Meconostigma, mainly in terms of the presence (and variations) of a lobed stele, whereas the cylindrical stele stood out among the common characteristics in P. subg. Philodendron, P. subg. Pteromischum and the related species A. crinipes. Moreover, the characteristics shared by P. subg. Philodendron and P. subg. Pteromischum corroborated the phylogenetic hypothesis that these two taxa were more closely related to one another than to P. subg. Meconostigma.

}, keywords = {lobed stele, Meconostigma, root anatomy, taxonomy}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/SB18038}, author = {Ferreira, R.O. and Borges, A.C.C. and Campos, J.A.R. and Medeiros, A.M.L. and Sakuragui, C.M. and Vieira, R.C. and Tenorio, V.} } @article {4048, title = {Relationships within the Araceae: comparison of morphological patterns with molecular phylogenies}, year = {2011}, abstract = {

\• Premise of the study: The fi rst family-wide molecular phylogeny of the Araceae, a family of about 3800 published species in 120 genera, became available in 1995, followed by a cladistic analysis of morpho-anatomical data in 1997. The most recent and comprehensive family-wide molecular phylogeny was published in 2008 and included species from 102 genera. We reanalyzed the molecular data with a more complete genus sampling and compared the resulting phylogeny with morphological and anatomical data, with a view to contributing to a new formal classifi cation of the Araceae.
\• Methods: We analyzed 113 aroid genera and 4494 aligned nucleotides that resulted from adding 11 genera to the 2008 molecular matrix. We also analyzed 81 morphological characters in the context of the molecular phylogeny, using an extended version of the 1997 morpho-anatomical data set.
\• Key results: The resulting maximum-likelihood phylogeny is well resolved and supported, and most of the 44 larger clades also have morphological or anatomical synapomorphies as well as ecological or geographic cohesion. Of the 44 clades, 16 are here newly circumscribed and informally named. However, some relationships remain poorly supported within the Aroideae subfamily. The most problematic placement is Calla within Aroideae, which confl icts with the distribution of morphological, anatomical, and palynological character states.
\• Conclusions: The comparison of the molecular analysis with morphological and anatomical data presented here represents an important basis for a new formal classifi cation for the Araceae and for the understanding of the evolution of this ancient family, a monocot group known in the fossil record from the early Cretaceous.

}, keywords = {Araceae, Calla, character evolution, classification, Lemnoideae, molecular phylogeny, phenotypic characterization}, doi = {doi:10.3732/ajb.1000158}, author = {Cusimano, N. and Bogner, J. and Mayo, S.J. and Boyce, P.C. and Wong, S.Y. and Hesse, M. and Hetterscheid, W.L.A. and Keating, R.C. and French, J.C.} } @article {106, title = {A revision of Alloschemone Schott (Araceae: Monstereae). Aroideana}, volume = {24}, year = {2001}, abstract = {

80-93

}, author = {Bogner, J. and Boyce, P.C. and Sakuragui, C.M.} } @article {247, title = {A new species of Anthurium (Araceae) from south-eastern Brazil. Feddes Repertorium}, volume = {110(7-8)}, year = {1999}, abstract = {

535-539

}, author = {Sakuragui, C.M. and Mayo, S.J.} } @article {4044, title = {A new species of Anthurium Schott (Araceae) in a seasonal semideciduous forest in Esp{\'\i}rito Santo State, Brazil }, year = {2015}, abstract = {

Abstract The state of Esp\írito Santo is located in Southeastern Brazil and occupies 45,597 km\² within the Atlantic Forest domain. The flora of the state is still in progress, and families such as the Araceae represent groups that have not yet been representatively sampled. Sampling efforts in the Southern areas of the state revealed the existence of a new species of Anthurium, related to A. cleistanthum, A. truncatum and A. molle. Here, we describe and illustrate this species and present a comparative analysis with the most similar species. To date, the species is known only from the type locality, occurring in forests that cover limestone outcrops.

}, keywords = {Atlantic Rain Forest, conservation, flora, fragmentation}, doi = {DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.217.1.7}, url = {https://www.biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/issue/view/phytotaxa.217.1}, author = {Valadares, R.T. and Sakuragui, C.M.} } @article {4041, title = {Anthurium viridivinosum sp. nov. (Araceae; A. sect. Urospadix subsect. Flavescentiviridia ) from a sedimentary coastal plain in southeastern Brazil}, journal = {Nordic Journal of Botany}, volume = {33}, year = {2015}, month = {April 2015}, pages = {170-174}, type = {Research article}, chapter = {170}, abstract = {

During a floristic survey of the family Araceae in a sedimentary coastal plain in the state of Esp\írito Santo, southeastern Brazil, we found an unknown species with an intriguing combination of characteristics intermediate among Anthurium harrisii , A. intermedium , A. jilekii, A. riodocense and A. zeneidae . Herein, we describe and illustrate this novelty as Anthurium viridivinosum with a comparative analysis of characters that distinguishes it from similar species, and comments about its ecology, distribution and conservation.

}, doi = {doi: 10.1111/njb.00565}, author = {Valadares, R.T. and Sakuragui, C.M.} } @article {4040, title = {Heinrich Wilhelm Schott (1794 1865) and the importance of Brazil for aroid systematics in the 19th century}, year = {2019}, keywords = {Aroideae Maximilianae, Brazil, Engler, Icones, Schott}, author = {Mayo, S.J.} } @article {4038, title = {Anthurium idimae{\textemdash}a new species of Araceae from Southeastern Brazil}, year = {2017}, abstract = {

Anthurium idimae is described from Esp\írito Santo and Rio de Janeiro states, in Southeastern Brazil. During the floristic survey of Araceae family in the Atlantic Forest, we found an unknown species with an intriguing combination of intermediate characteristics among A. cleistanthum, A. truncatum, A. molle, and A. cachoeirense. We described and illustrated the new species, including a comparative analysis of characters that distinguishes it from similar species, and also provide comments about its ecology, distribution and conservation.

}, keywords = {Anthurium section Urospadix, Atlantic Forest fragments, conservation, deforestation}, author = {Valadares, R.T. and Nadruz Coelho, M. A.} } @article {4036, title = {Anthurium sagrilloanum: A New Species of Anthurium (Araceae) from Southeastern Brazil}, year = {2020}, abstract = {

During a floristic survey of Araceae in the Atlantic Forest of Esp\írito Santo State, southeastern Brazil, we found an intriguing, unknown species of Anthurium Schott with cordate leaves. Here, we describe and illustrate the new species, A. sagrilloanum The\ófilo \& T. F. Sagrillo, and also provide comments on its ecology and distribution.

}, author = {Valadares, R.T. and Sagrillo, T.F. and Sakuragui, C.M.} } @article {4032, title = {Three New Species of Anthurium (Araceae) from the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, and Esp{\'\i}rito Santo, Brazil}, year = {2019}, abstract = {

This study describes and illustrates three new species of Anthurium Schott sect. Urospadix Engl. subsect. Obscureviridia Engl. from the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil: A. temponiae Nadruz \& The\ófilo, A. martinellii Nadruz \& The\ófilo, and A. erythrospathaceum Nadruz \& The\ófilo. Information about their conservation status within priority areas of the Atlantic Forest is included, together with distribution maps and an updated key to the species of subsection Obscureviridia.

}, author = {Nadruz Coelho, M.A. and Valadares, R.T.} } @article {4031, title = {A New Species of Anthurium (Araceae) with Cordate Leaves from Southeastern Brazil}, year = {2019}, abstract = {

During a floristic survey of Araceae species in the Atlantic Forest, Esp\írito Santo State, southeastern Brazil, we found an unknown species of Anthurium Schott with cordate leaf bases. Here, we describe and illustrate this new species, A. marcusianum The\ófilo, L. Kollmann \& Sakur., and also provide comments on its ecology, distribution, and conservation status.

}, author = {Valadares, R.T. and Kollmann, L.J.C. and Sakuragui, C.M.} } @article {4028, title = {Anthurium harleyi (Araceae) - a new rupicolous species of section Urospadix from the northern Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil}, journal = {Kew Bulletin}, volume = {74}, year = {2019}, month = {15 March 2019}, pages = {1-12}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Anthurium harleyi Pontes \& Mayo, a new rupicolous species of Anthurium sect. Urospadix, is described from the rupestrian grassland (campo rupestre) vegetation of the northern region of the Chapada Diamantina, in central Bahia state, Brazil. The new species is endemic to this region, but closely related to A. erskinei Mayo from the central and southern regions of the same highland. A multivariate morphometric analysis of twelve quantitative morphological variables is presented which shows the two species to be distinct. A taxonomic description, line drawings, photographs, distribution map and conservation status based on a spatial analysis are provided.

}, keywords = {Campo rupestre, lithophytes, Morro do Chap{\'e}u, mountaintop grasslands, multivariate morphometrics, new species, threatened species}, doi = {DOI 10.1007/S12225-019-9796-3}, author = {Pontes, T.A. and Andrade, I.M. and Richards, R.S. and Haigh, A. and Van den Berg, C. and Mayo, S.J.} } @article {4021, title = {Vergleichende Untersuchungen {\"u}ber die morphologischen Verh{\"a}ltnisse der Araceae. I. Theil. Nat{\"u}rliches System der Araceae. Translation by Simon Mayo.}, year = {1876}, author = {Engler, A.} } @book {4023, title = {A sketch of the life of Heinrich Wilhelm Schott, by Dr. Eduard Fenzl. Translated by Simon Mayo}, year = {1865}, author = {Fenzl, E.} } @article {4024, title = {Heinrich Wilhelm Schott: zur 100. Wiederkehr seines Todestages am 5. M{\"a}rz 1965. Translated by Simon Mayo}, year = {1965}, author = {Riedl, H.} } @article {4025, title = {Heinrich Wilhelm Schott (1794-1865)}, year = {1965}, author = {Riedl, H.} } @article {4026, title = {Biography of Ernst Ule (1854-1915). Translation by M.Schultz, S. Mayo, I.M. Andrade, T.A. Pontes}, year = {1915}, author = {Harms, H.} } @article {4022, title = {Beitr{\"a}ge zur Kenntniss der Araceae V. 12. {\"U}ber den Entwicklungsgang in der Familie der Araceen und {\"u}ber die Bl{\"u}tenmorphologie derselben. Translation by Simon Mayo}, year = {1884}, author = {Engler, A.} } @article {4027, title = {Wawra{\textquoteright}s Review of Aroideae Maximilianae. Translated by Simon Mayo}, journal = {Oest.Bot.Zeit.}, volume = {29}, year = {1879}, pages = {400-402}, author = {Wawra, H.} } @article {4020, title = {Engler, A. 1881. Ueber die morphologischen Verh{\"a}ltnisse und die geographische Verbreitung der Gattung Rhus, sowie der mit ihr verwandten, lebenden und ausgestorbenen Anacardiaceae. Translation by Simon Mayo.}, journal = {Bot. Jahrb. Syst. }, volume = {1}, year = {1881}, pages = {365 {\textendash} 426}, author = {Engler, A.} } @article {4012, title = {A MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF TWO LITHOPHYTIC SPECIES OF ANTHURIUM FROM BAHIA, BRAZIL.}, year = {2009}, author = {Richards, R.S. and Simon Joseph Mayo} } @article {3078, title = {SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL for Tiago A. Pontes, C{\'a}ssio Van den Berg, Ivanilza M. Andrade \& Simon J. Mayo, Measuring relative flower size in Anthurium (Araceae) as a continuous quantitative character}, year = {2014}, month = {June 2014}, publisher = {CATE Araceae}, type = {supplementary material for published paper}, abstract = {

Seven data tables

}, author = {Pontes, T.A. and Van den Berg, C. and Andrade, I.M. and Mayo, S.J.} } @article {2591, title = {A morphometric and taxonomic study of Monstera (Araceae) in Bahia, Brazil}, journal = {Feddes Repertorium}, volume = {124}, year = {2014}, month = {2014}, pages = {24 p.}, type = {taxonomic revision}, abstract = {

A taxonomic revision is presented of the three taxa of Monstera (Araceae) recognized for Bahia State, Brazil:\– M. adansonii subsp. blanchetii (stat. nov.), M. adansonii subsp. klotzschiana (stat. nov.) and M. praetermissa; a fourth taxon, not so far recorded from the state, M. adansonii subsp. laniata (stat. nov.), is distinguished from subsp. blanchetii. The two highly variable subspecies of Monstera adansonii were further investigated by morphometric study of herbarium specimens. These two taxa were distinguished using principal coordinates analysis (classical multidimensional scaling) and linear discriminant analysis; the most important diagnostic characters are stigma length and width, stigmatophore length, style apex size and leaf perforation number. Discrimination on leaf characters alone was over 90\% successful \– subsp. blanchetii differs most significantly from subsp. klotzschiana in higher values for perforation number and leaf base angle. Descriptions, illustrations, geographical and conservation status information and a key to the taxa are provided. Two neotypes are proposed (M. maximilianii Engl., M. klotzschiana Schott) and discussions of the typifications are provided.

}, author = {Simon Joseph Mayo and Andrade, I. M.} } @article {2590, title = {Monstera of Bahia - Basic Data Matrix }, year = {2014}, month = {27 April 2014}, publisher = {CATE Araceae http://araceae.e-monocot.org}, abstract = {

Mayo, S.J.\  \& Andrade, I.M. 2014. A morphometric and taxonomic study of Monstera (Araceae) in Bahia, Brazil. Feddes Repertorium vol. 124: 24 pages. DOI: 10.1002/fedr.201300019.

This is the basic data matrix of observations from which the matrices used in analyses were extracted.

}, keywords = {database, Monstera, morphometrics}, author = {Mayo, Simon J and Andrade, Ivanilza M.} } @article {62, title = {Engler{\textquoteright}s Review of Aroideae Maximilianae Translated by Simon Mayo}, journal = {Botanische Zeitung. 2. Abteilung. Leipzig}, volume = {37}, year = {1879}, pages = {853-856}, chapter = {853}, author = {Engler, A.} }