02170nas a2200229 4500008004100000245015100041210006900192520141100261653001401672653001301686653002101699653001701720653001701737653002001754100002001774700001901794700002001813700001601833700001701849700002401866856005001890 2018 eng d00aNew insights on the phylogenetic relationships among the traditional Philodendron subgenera and the other groups of the Homalomena clade (Araceae)0 aNew insights on the phylogenetic relationships among the traditi3 a

Philodendron (Araceae) is one of the largest Neotropical plant genera, with approximately 500 species and at least 1000 species predicted. There is a considerable ecological diversity in the group, although most species occur in the humid forests of tropical America. Despite being relatively well-studied in taxonomic analyses, the relationships among the traditional morphological groups of the genus are not well-established, mainly regarding the three traditional subgenera, referred here as Philodendron sensu lato (s.l.), P. subg. Pteromischum, P. subg. Philodendron and P. subg. Meconostigma, which was recently recognized as a separate genus, Thaumatophyllum. Therefore, the present work evaluates the phylogenetic position and the monophyly of Philodendron s.l. and its three main subdivisions, and the sister groups within the Homalomena clade, which also includes the Neotropical genus Adelonema, the two Asian genera Homalomena and Furtadoa, and the two African genera Cercestis and Culcasia, by means of molecular phylogenetic approaches including chloroplast DNA (atpFatpH, rpl32-trnL, trnQ-5′-rps16 and trnV-ndhC) and nuclear (ITS2) markers. The monophyly of Philodendron s.l. and its three lineages is confirmed and our analyses corroborate previous morphologic data indicating Thaumatophyllum as sister to the clade formed by P. subg. Pteromischum and P. subg. Philodendron.

10aAdelonema10aAroideae10aHomalomena clade10aMeconostigma10aPteromischum10aThaumatophyllum1 aVasconcelos, S.1 aSoares, M.L.C.1 aSakuragui, C.M.1 aCroat, T.B.1 aOliveira, G.1 aBenko-Iseppon, A.M. uhttps://cate-araceae.myspecies.info/node/406001393nas a2200253 4500008004100000245015700041210007100198520055400269653001600823653002400839653001500863653001700878653001700895653002000912100002000932700002100952700002200973700001700995700002401012700002001036700001801056700001501074856005001089 2018 eng d00aRecognition of the genus Thaumatophyllum Schott − formerly Philodendron subg. Meconostigma (Araceae) − based on molecular and morphological evidence0 aRecognition of the genus Thaumatophyllum Schott − formerly Philo3 a

Philodendron subgenus Meconostigma has been a well-circumscribed group since 1829. Members of this group are easily distinguished by diagnostic morphological characters as well as by a distinct ecology and geographical distribution. Based on molecular, morphological and cytological evidence, we propose the recognition of P. subg. Meconostigma as a distinct genus, Thaumatophyllum Schott. We also present the necessary new combinations, an emended key and some nomenclatural and taxonomic corrections regarding 21 names of Thaumatophyllum.

10achromosomes10amolecular phylogeny10amorphology10anomenclature10aPhilodendron10aThaumatophyllum1 aSakuragui, C.M.1 aCalazans, L.S.B.1 aLoss-Oliveira, L.1 aMorais, E.B.1 aBenko-Iseppon, A.M.1 aVasconcelos, S.1 aSchrago, C.G.1 aMayo, S.J. uhttps://cate-araceae.myspecies.info/node/405902752nas a2200229 4500008004100000245015700041210006900198520197500267653001202242653003002254653003202284653002902316653001502345653001702360100001402377700001602391700001602407700001802423700001602441700001502457856005002472 2018 eng d00aPhylogeny and diversification history of the large Neotropical genus Philodendron (Araceae): Accelerated speciation in a lineage dominated by epiphytes 0 aPhylogeny and diversification history of the large Neotropical g3 a

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Philodendron is a large genus of ~560 species and among the most conspicuous epiphytic components of Neotropical forests, yet its phylogenetic relationships, timing of divergence, and diversification history have remained unclear. We present a comprehensive phylogenetic study for Philodendron and investigate its diversification, including divergence-time estimates and diversification rate shift analyses.
METHODS: We performed the largest phylogenetic reconstruction for Philodendron to date, including 125 taxa with a combined dataset of three plastid regions (petD, rpl16, and trnK/ matK). We estimated divergence times using Bayesian evolutionary analysis sampling trees and inferred shifts in diversification rates using Bayesian analysis of macroevolutionary mixtures.
KEY RESULTS: We found that Philodendron, its three subgenera, and the closely related genus Adelonema are monophyletic. Within Philodendron subgenus Philodendron, 12 statistically well-supported clades are recognized. The genus Philodendron originated ~25 mya and a diversification rate upshift was detected at the origin of subgenus Philodendron ~12 mya.
CONCLUSIONS: Philodendron is a species-rich Neotropical lineage that diverged from Adelonema during the late Oligocene. Within Philodendron, the three subgenera currently accepted are recovered in two lineages: one contains the subgenera Meconostigma and Pteromischum and the other contains subgenus Philodendron. The lineage containing subgenera Meconostigma and Pteromischum underwent a consistent diversification rate. By contrast, a diversification rate upshift occurred within subgenus Philodendron ~12 mya. This diversification rate upshift is associated with the species radiation of the most speciose subgenus within Philodendron. The sections accepted within subgenus Philodendron are not congruent with the clades recovered. Instead, the clades are geographically defined.

10aAraceae10adivergence-time estimates10adiversification rate shifts10amuseum and cradle models10aNeotropics10aPhilodendron1 aCanal, D.1 aKöster, N.1 aJones, K.E.1 aKorotkova, N.1 aCroat, T.B.1 aBorsch, T. uhttps://cate-araceae.myspecies.info/node/4050