01393nas a2200253 4500008004100000245015700041210007100198520055400269653001600823653002400839653001500863653001700878653001700895653002000912100002000932700002100952700002200973700001700995700002401012700002001036700001801056700001501074856005001089 2018 eng d00aRecognition of the genus Thaumatophyllum Schott − formerly Philodendron subg. Meconostigma (Araceae) − based on molecular and morphological evidence0 aRecognition of the genus Thaumatophyllum Schott − formerly Philo3 a

Philodendron subgenus Meconostigma has been a well-circumscribed group since 1829. Members of this group are easily distinguished by diagnostic morphological characters as well as by a distinct ecology and geographical distribution. Based on molecular, morphological and cytological evidence, we propose the recognition of P. subg. Meconostigma as a distinct genus, Thaumatophyllum Schott. We also present the necessary new combinations, an emended key and some nomenclatural and taxonomic corrections regarding 21 names of Thaumatophyllum.

10achromosomes10amolecular phylogeny10amorphology10anomenclature10aPhilodendron10aThaumatophyllum1 aSakuragui, C.M.1 aCalazans, L.S.B.1 aLoss-Oliveira, L.1 aMorais, E.B.1 aBenko-Iseppon, A.M.1 aVasconcelos, S.1 aSchrago, C.G.1 aMayo, S.J. uhttps://cate-araceae.myspecies.info/node/405902323nas a2200217 4500008004100000024001000041245007000051210006800121520170300189653001101892653001001903653001701913653001401930653001801944653001401962100002201976700002001998700001902018700001802037856005002055 2016 eng d ae174400aEvolution of Philodendron (Araceae) species in Neotropical biomes0 aEvolution of Philodendron Araceae species in Neotropical biomes3 a

Philodendron is the second most diverse genus of the Araceae, a tropical monocot family with significant morphological diversity along its wide geographic distribution in the Neotropics. Although evolutionary studies of Philodendron were conducted in recent years, the phylogenetic relationship among its species remains unclear. Additionally, analyses conducted to date suggested the inclusion of all American representatives of a closely-related genus, Homalomena, within the Philodendron clade. A thorough evaluation of the phylogeny and timescale of these lineages is thus necessary to elucidate the tempo and mode of evolution of this large Neotropical genus and to unveil the biogeographic history of Philodendron evolution along the Amazonian and Atlantic rainforests as well as open dry forests of South America. To this end, we have estimated the molecular phylogeny for 68 Philodendron species, which consists of the largest sampling assembled to date aiming the study of the evolutionary affinities. We have also performed ancestral reconstruction of species distribution along biomes. Finally, we contrasted these results with the inferred timescale of Philodendron and Homalomena lineage diversification. Our estimates indicate that American Homalomena is the sister clade to Philodendron. The early diversification of Philodendron took place in the Amazon forest from Early to Middle Miocene, followed by colonization of the Atlantic forest and the savanna-like landscapes, respectively .Based on the age of the last common ancestor of Philodendron, the species of this genus diversified by rapid radiations, leading to its wide extant distribution in the Neotropical region.

10aAmazon10aAndes10aBiogeography10aDispersal10aSouth America10aSupertree1 aLoss-Oliveira, L.1 aSakuragui, C.M.1 aSoares, M.L.C.1 aSchrago, C.G. uhttps://cate-araceae.myspecies.info/node/405802531nas a2200169 4500008004100000024001100041245006900052210006700121520201000188100002202198700002102220700001702241700001502258700001802273700002002291856005002311 2014 eng d ae8970100aFloral Evolution of Philodendron Subgenus Meconostigma (Araceae)0 aFloral Evolution of Philodendron Subgenus Meconostigma Araceae3 a

Abstract
Elucidating the evolutionary patterns of flower and inflorescence structure is pivotal to understanding the phylogenetic relationships of Angiosperms as a whole. The inflorescence morphology and anatomy of Philodendron subgenus Meconostigma, belonging to the monocot family Araceae, has been widely studied but the evolutionary relationships of subgenus Meconostigma and the evolution of its flower characters have hitherto remained unclear. This study examines gynoecium evolution in subgenus Meconostigma in the context of an estimated molecular phylogeny for all extant species of subgenus Meconostigma and analysis of ancestral character reconstructions of some gynoecial structures. The phylogenetic reconstructions of all extant Meconostigma species were conducted under a maximum likelihood approach based on the sequences of two chloroplast (trnk and matK) and two nuclear (ETS and 18S) markers. This topology was used to reconstruct the ancestral states of seven floral characters and to elucidate their evolutionary pattern in the Meconostigma lineage. Our phylogeny shows that Meconostigma is composed of two major clades, one comprising two Amazonian species and the other all the species from the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes with one Amazonian species. The common ancestor of the species of subgenus Meconostigma probably possessed short stylar lobes, long stylar canals, a stylar body, a vascular plexus in the gynoecium and druses in the stylar parenchyma but it is uncertain whether raphide inclusions were present in the parenchyma. The ancestral lineage also probably possessed up to 10 ovary locules. The evolution of these characters seems to have occurred independently in some lineages. We propose that the morphological and anatomical diversity observed in the gynoecial structures of subgenus Meconostigma is the result of an ongoing process of fusion of floral structures leading to a reduction of energy wastage and increase in stigmatic surface.

1 aLoss-Oliveira, L.1 aCalazans, L.S.B.1 aMorais, E.B.1 aMayo, S.J.1 aSchrago, C.G.1 aSakuragui, C.M. uhttps://cate-araceae.myspecies.info/node/4057